The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe, a semi-desert landscape between the Nile and Atbara rivers, was the heartland of the Kingdom of Kush, a major power from the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. The property consists of the royal city of the Kushite kings at Meroe, near the River Nile, the nearby religious site of Naqa and Musawwarat es Sufra. It was the seat of the rulers who occupied Egypt for close to a century and features, among other vestiges, pyramids, temples and domestic buildings as well as major installations connected to water management. Their vast empire extended from the Mediterranean to the heart of Africa, and the property testifies to the exchange between the art, architectures, religions and languages of both regions.
The archaeological remains of the island of Meroe, a semi-desert landscape between the Nile and Atbara, were the center of the Kingdom of Kush, a primary force since the eighth century B. C. until the 4th century B. C. It includes an urban and funerary seat of the sovereigns who occupied Egypt for almost a century. Assets include the royal city of the Kushite kings at Meroe, on the banks of the Nile, and the nearby devout cities of Naqa and Musawwarat es-Sufra. There are, among other remains, pyramids, temples, and residential buildings, as well as primary water control facilities. Its vast empire stretched from the Mediterranean to central Africa, and its assets attest to the exchanges of art, architecture, religions, and languages between the two regions.
هي عبارة عن مناطق شبه صحراوية بين نهر النيل ونهر عطبرة، معقل مملكة كوش، التي كانت قوة عظمى بين القرنين الثامن والرابع قبل الميلاد، وتتألف من الحاضرة الملكية للملوك الكوشيين في مروي، بالقرب من نهر النيل، وبالقرب من المواقع الدينية في نقاء والمصورات الصفراء. كانت مقرًّا للحكام الذين احتلوا مصر لما يقرب من قرن ونيف، من بين آثار أخرى، من مثل الأهرامات والمعابد ومنازل السكن وكذلك المنشآت الكبرى، وهي متصلة كلها بشبكة مياه. امتدت إمبراطورية الكوشيين الشاسعة من البحر الأبيض المتوسط إلى قلب أفريقيا، وتشهد هذه المساحة على تبادل للفنون والهندسة والأديان واللغات بين المنطقتين.
8世纪至公元4世纪间兴盛一时的库施(Kush)王国的中心地带。 遗产由位于尼罗河边麦罗 埃的库施王城、其附近的宗教遗址纳加神庙(Naqa)以及狮子神庙(Musawwarat es Sufra)所组成。 这里曾是占领埃及近一世纪的统治者发号施令的地方，至今还拥有金字塔、 神庙、民居建筑以及大型的用水设施等大量遗迹。 庞大的库施帝国一度把疆土扩展到地中海以及非洲心脏地带，它所留下这一遗址也因此见证了上述两个地区在艺术、建筑、 宗教与语言上的交流.
An ideal plot of land in the Middle Nile and Atbara region is located in the same domain as the Kusch region, in the region closest to 8 years. века до н. э. по 4-й век н. э. The territory of Sarskula Castle, which extended to Mereros, allowed Nila, in its current state, devote himself to the study of religion. Нака и Мусавварат-эс-Суфра. This is exactly what Egypt has done with modern technology. It is the use of pyramids, crystals and subsequent cigarettes, as well as the absorption of water. Throughout the empire, the force came from southern Africa. Religions and other people in certain regions.
They are located in a semi-desert landscape between the Nile and Atbara rivers, where the center of the Kingdom of Kush is located, a wonderful fortress between the 8th century BC and the 8th century BC. The site includes the actual city of the Kushite kings at Meroe, near the Nile River and similar devotional sites to Naqa and Musawwarat is Sufra. It was the force that occupied Egypt for a century and, among other remains, contained pyramidal temples and residences, as well as water control facilities. This vast empire stretches from the Mediterranean to central Africa, as the position is a testament to the exchange of art, architectural styles, religions, and expressions between the other areas.
The archaeological sites on the island of Meroe were built from the Koninkrijk of Kush, a little further back, between the 8th and 4th centuries AD. The semi-Woestic country lies between Nijl and Arbara, near the Koninklijke van de Kushische river. Koningen in Meroe, in the devout Naqa Square and Musawwarat is Sufra. There are plenty of things to do, from pyramids, temples, and houses that will introduce you to giant amenities connected to the water. It was established through Kushische vorsten strekte zich uit van de Middellandse Zee in central Africa and has received many artists, architects, religions and talents from the region.
Brief synthesis
The Island of Meroe is the heartland of the Kingdom of Kush, a major power in the ancient world from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Meroe became the principal residence of the rulers, and from the 3rd century BCE onwards it was the site of most royal burials.
The property consists of three separate site components, Meroe, the capital, which includes the town and cemetery site, and Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa, two associated settlements and religious centres. The Meroe cemetery, Musawwarat es-Sufra, and Naqa are located in a semi-desert, set against reddish-brown hills and contrasting with the green bushes that cover them, whilst the Meroe town site is part of a riverine landscape.
These 3 sites contain the best-preserved relics of the Kingdom of Kush, encompassing a wide diversity of architectural forms, adding pyramids, temples, palaces, and commercial spaces that shaped the political, religious, social, artistic, and technological scene of the Middle East. East and North Nile Valley for more than 1000 years (8th century BC)A. D. -4th century A. D. ). These architectural structures, implemented iconography, and evidence of production and trade, in addition to pottery and hardware, testify to the wealth and strength of the Kushite state. . The extra water reservoirs contribute to the understanding of the paleoclimatic and hydrological regime of the region in the last centuries B. C. and the first centuries of our era.
Criterion (ii): The archaeological sites on the island of Meroe are the exchange of concepts and contacts between sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern worlds, along a primary industry over a very long period of time. The interplay of local and foreign influences is demonstrated through the preserved architectural remains and their iconography.
Criterion (iii): The property, with its wide diversity of monument types, well-preserved buildings, and long-term prospects for excavation and research, is an exceptional testimony to the wealth and strength of the ancient Kushite state and its extensive contacts with Africa, the Mediterranean. and African countries. Middle Societies Oriente. La Kushite civilization largely disappeared with the arrival of Christianity in the Middle Nile in the sixth century A. D.
Criterion (iv): The pyramids of Meroe are exceptional examples of Kushite funerary monuments, illustrating the relationship to the well-preserved remains of the urban center of the Kushite capital, Meroe. The architectural remains of the 3 elements illustrate the juxtaposition of structural and ornamental elements from Pharaonic Egypt, Greece and Rome, as well as from Kush itself, and through this constitute a significant reference to the early exchanges and diffusions of styles and technologies.
Criterion (v): The major centers of human activity on the Nile at Musawwarat and Naqa raise doubts about their viability in what is now an arid zone without permanent human settlements. They offer the possibility, through a detailed examination of the paleoclimate, flora and fauna, to perceive the interaction of the Kushites with their desert interior.
Integrity
The three chosen elements constitute the capital of the Kushite kingdom, Meroe, with its extensive cemeteries of pyramidal tombs, as well as the two largest centers in the interior of the kingdom, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa. Together, they provide evidence of the length and influence of the Kushite civilization at the height of its power.
Although many elements of the site have deteriorated over time, adding to the collapse of several pyramidal tombs, there has been no out-of-place intervention to diminish the integrity of the site since Ferlini’s treasure hunt in the 1830s, which was very negative for some. of the pyramids of the cemeteries of Méroé. The north-south main road linking Khartoum and Port Sudan, which separates the two parts of the Meroé site, has a negative visual and auditory effect on the integrity of the property, as does the high-voltage transmission line along its route.
Authenticity
Although at large the authenticity in terms of the attributes of material, design and substance is acceptable, conservation works at several temples and pyramids were based on large-scale reconstructions, including introduction of new materials, or anastylosis, which affected the authenticity of these features. However, considering the overall number of significant features on-site, the percentage of reconstructed or reassembled structures is comparatively small and does not impact on a general conception of authenticity.
At the Meroe site, archaeological survey activities, mainly carried out by foreign researchers since the end of the 19th century, have left gigantic piles of rubble, which adversely affect the authenticity of the site.
Protection and control requirements.
The property is protected under the provisions of article 13 (5) of the Interim Constitution of the Republic of Sudan of 2005, and under the Antiquities Protection Ordinance of 1905, amended in 1952 and most recently in 1999, which confers it the status of national monument. It is also protected by Presidential Decree (no. 162 of 2003) which established a natural reserve around the site and established the management committee. The reserve declared under this Decree encompasses the three site components and their complete buffer zones.
Although formally managed by a Committee involving a variety of stakeholders, the property is factually managed by the National Corporation of Antiquities and Museums (NCAM), which involves a field work section responsible for site supervision and coordination of the foreign archaeological missions. A technical office for supervision is located at Shendi, about 40km from Meroe and 60 km from Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa, where a resident site manager has been appointed. Security guards and police men supervise the property on a daily basis.
To ensure the requirement for a shared global supervisory authority for serial assets, a control committee was established and a chairman was appointed. Following the Management Plan drafted and approved in 2009, this Management Committee will be supported by an Executive Management Team of the World Heritage Site, which will oversee the implementation of the forms and actions of the control plan. Financial arrangements and the workforce are imperative to the status quo of this team and the implementation of the control plan. As a component of the long-term implementation of the control plan, there is a desire to expand conservation approaches based on the most productive practices to avoid repeating some of the less fortunate techniques and ways used in the past.